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Understanding the World's Greatest Structures: Science and Innovation from Antiquity to Modernity

Taught By Professor Stephen Ressler, Ph.D., Lehigh University,
United States Military Academy at West Point

Course No. 1153

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This course features more than 300 dynamic visual elements to enhance your learning experience, including 3-D animations, in-studio physical models and demonstrations, diagrams, and breathtaking photographs.
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This course features more than 300 dynamic visual elements to enhance your learning experience, including 3-D animations, in-studio physical models and demonstrations, diagrams, and breathtaking photographs.
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Understanding the World's Greatest Structures: Science and Innovation from Antiquity to Modernity

Course Lecture Titles

24 Lectures
30 minutes / lecture

    1. Learning to See and Understand Structure
    How are ideas for buildings, bridges, and towers transformed from sketches to concrete reality? What are the three essential qualities that make a structure great? What's the difference between seeing a structure and actually understanding it? Discover the answers to these and other questions in this introductory lecture.
  1. Learning to See and Understand Structure (info)
  2. 2. The Science of Structure—Forces in Balance
    Explore how two types of external forces—loads (forces applied to structures) and reactions (forces developed at supports, in response to applied loads)—act on structures such as Kansas City's Chouteau Bridge. Also, learn how these forces are related to the most important concept in engineering mechanics: equilibrium.
  3. The Science of Structure—Forces in Balance (info)
  4. 3. Internal Forces, Stress, and Strength
    Use the Simple Tension Test (pulling on a structural element until it reaches the breaking point) as a gateway to understanding the concepts of internal force, stress, and strength. Then, see these concepts at work in structures such as the Golden Gate Bridge and Athens' Olympic Velodrome.
  5. Internal Forces, Stress, and Strength (info)
  6. 4. From Wood to Steel—Properties of Materials
    Materials profoundly influence the form, function, and structure of great buildings, bridges, and towers. Using steel (which is superior in terms of strength, ductility, and stiffness) as a benchmark, compare the structural properties of wood, masonry, concrete, and iron—and see them at work in thousands of years' worth of structures.
  7. From Wood to Steel—Properties of Materials (info)
  8. 5. Building Up—Columns and Buckling
    One of the most potent human aspirations supported by engineering is to build up. Learn how this has been done from antiquity to the present with columns—structural members that carry load primarily in compression. You'll also learn about buckling: the often catastrophic stability failure that occurs in columns with certain geometric characteristics.
  9. Building Up—Columns and Buckling (info)
  10. 6. Building Across—Beams and Bending
    Beams, combining tension and compression, are central to the second aspiration supported by engineering: building across long distances. As you survey beams from the primitive lintel over the Lion Gate at Mycenae to Norway's Raftsundet Bridge, you'll investigate scientific developments and transform your understanding of what makes this structural element possible.
  11. Building Across—Beams and Bending (info)
  12. 7. Trusses—The Power of the Triangle
    Trusses, the subject of this fascinating lecture, are rigid frameworks composed of structural members connected at joints and arranged into networks of triangles. Learn how they work to stabilize and support a range of structural wonders, including the Brooklyn Bridge and—most famously—the Eiffel Tower.
  13. Trusses—The Power of the Triangle (info)
  14. 8. Cables and Arches—The Power of the Parabola
    In this lecture, Professor Ressler introduces you to two final structural elements: cables and arches. The Saint Louis Gateway Arch and the cables of the Golden Gate Bridge are just two examples of breathtaking structural features that also have extensive, occasionally surprising, parallels.
  15. Cables and Arches—The Power of the Parabola (info)
  16. 9. Loads and Structural Systems
    Structures are heavily influenced by the loads they're designed to carry. First, take a closer look at the most important loads structures must resist, including traffic loads and earthquake loads. Then, using the historic iron building at Watervliet Arsenal in New York, analyze how loads are actually transmitted through structural systems along load paths.
  17. Loads and Structural Systems (info)
  18. 10. Egypt and Greece—Pyramids to the Parthenon
    Embark on your tour of different types of structures from around the world and across time. Your first stop: ancient Egypt, and the surprisingly complex engineering of pyramids, including the Great and Red pyramids. Your second stop: ancient Greece, where you visit the domed Treasury of Atreus and break down the structural system of the Parthenon.
  19. Egypt and Greece—Pyramids to the Parthenon (info)
  20. 11. The Glory of Rome in Arches and Vaults
    Learn why the arch is the principal structural feature of ancient Rome. Your detailed case studies range from simple bridges such as the Pont St. Martin and triumphal arches such as the Arch of Titus to massive aqueducts like the Pont du Gard and majestic public spaces like the Baths of Caracalla.
  21. The Glory of Rome in Arches and Vaults (info)
  22. 12. The Rise and Fall of the Gothic Cathedral
    Gothic cathedrals are lasting testaments to the power of a series of sweeping architectural developments in medieval Europe. After examining the roots of Gothic cathedrals in their Romanesque predecessors, focus on several structural innovations—including flying buttresses and pointed arches—at work in places such as France's Chartres Cathedral.
  23. The Rise and Fall of the Gothic Cathedral (info)
  24. 13. Three Great Domes—Rome to the Renaissance
    Trace the dome's evolution from the 1st century A.D. to the Renaissance. It's a journey reflected in the increasingly sophisticated domes of three great structures: the ancient Roman Pantheon, the Byzantine-era basilica of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, and the Renaissance-era dome over the Florence cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore.
  25. Three Great Domes—Rome to the Renaissance (info)
  26. 14. How Iron and Science Transformed Arch Bridges
    Examine the development of arched bridges during and after the Industrial Revolution. See how the revolutionary Iron Bridge at Coalbrookdale paved the way for the development of science-based engineering. Also, see how science contributed to increasingly sophisticated modern bridges such as Spain's Campo Volantin Bridge.
  27. How Iron and Science Transformed Arch Bridges (info)
  28. 15. Suspension Bridges—The Battle of the Cable
    After learning the science behind suspension bridges, begin your two-lecture look at these structural marvels. Here, relive the "Battle of the Cable," in which 19th-century engineers struggled over whether to build suspension cables from iron chains (as in England's Menai Strait Bridge) or steel wire (as in the Brooklyn Bridge).
  29. Suspension Bridges—The Battle of the Cable (info)
  30. 16. Suspension Bridges—The Challenge of Wind
    In July 1940, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge dramatically collapsed in a steady 42-mph wind. In this concluding lecture on suspension bridges, focus on how the Brooklyn Bridge, the Severn Bridge, and other bridges were designed to combat the second great challenge of these record-breaking bridges: their vulnerability to wind-induced vibrations.
  31. Suspension Bridges—The Challenge of Wind (info)
  32. 17. Great Cantilever Bridges—Tragedy and Triumph
    Professor Ressler shows how structural catastrophes produced two bridges that provide a wonderful opportunity to see and understand structure: Scotland's Firth of Forth Bridge and Canada's second Quebec Bridge. You'll also gain insights into the human element of engineering, and the reasons structures turn out the way they do.
  33. Great Cantilever Bridges—Tragedy and Triumph (info)
  34. 18. The Rise of Iron- and Steel-Framed Buildings
    How did iron and steel revolutionize building design? Find out in this trip back to late 18th- and early 19th-century Europe and America, where iron-framed structures—such as sheds at England's Chatham Dockyard, New York City's Equitable Life Insurance Building, and Chicago's First Leiter Building—would set the stage for modern skyscrapers.
  35. The Rise of Iron- and Steel-Framed Buildings (info)
  36. 19. The Great Skyscraper Race
    The human aspiration to build upward reaches its climax with the skyscraper. Learn the story behind America's "great skyscraper race" and the increasingly sophisticated buildings it produced. Among the structural masterpieces you examine in depth are the Wainwright Building, the Chrysler Building, the Willis Tower, and the World Trade Center towers.
  37. The Great Skyscraper Race (info)
  38. 20. The Beauty and Versatility of Modern Concrete
    Concrete, the world's most commonly used construction material, has been used in buildings that are anything but common. See concrete's versatility at work in an incredible range of structures, including Frank Lloyd Wright's Fallingwater, the Salginatobel Bridge in the Swiss Alps, and Dubai's Burj Khalifa (currently the world's tallest building).
  39. The Beauty and Versatility of Modern Concrete (info)
  40. 21. Amazing Thin Shells—Strength from Curvature
    Thin shells are unique structural elements that use curvature—cylindrical, dome-like, or saddle-like—to attain strength and stiffness. See these three types of thin shells used creatively in buildings ranging from St. Paul's Cathedral in London to the Zeiss planetarium in Germany to the Trans World Flight Center at New York's JFK Airport.
  41. Amazing Thin Shells—Strength from Curvature (info)
  42. 22. Vast Roof Systems of Iron and Steel
    The need for roofs spanning large enclosed spaces led to a startling number of new structural systems in the last 200 years. Look closer at long-span structural configurations in places such as the Houston Astrodome, the Berlin Hauptbahnhof, and even the Hartford Civic Center (the collapse of which offers a lesson in the risks of innovation).
  43. Vast Roof Systems of Iron and Steel (info)
  44. 23. The Incredible Lightness of Tension Structures
    Apply old concepts in new ways with this lecture on tension structures, where all the principal load-carrying elements are in tension. Explore noteworthy examples, from the cable-supported roof of North Carolina's J. S. Dorton Arena to the suspended dish roof of Madison Square Garden to the cable dome of South Korea's Olympic Gymnastics Hall.
  45. The Incredible Lightness of Tension Structures (info)
  46. 24. Strategies for Understanding Any Structure
    What happens when you encounter a noteworthy structure that hasn't been included in this course and you want to know more about it? Professor Ressler devotes his final lecture to answering this question; sending you out into the world with suggested strategies for understanding any structure—great or otherwise.
  47. Strategies for Understanding Any Structure (info)

Your world is filled with structures that have stood the test of time. That give character to the cities and landscapes in which they're located. That are visited by millions of people each year. And that capture our wonder for the marvels of engineering innovation and progress.

But while structures such as the Giza pyramids, Brunelleschi's dome, and the Brooklyn Bridge are visual spectacles in and of themselves, they are just as important for the way they were designed as for the way they look. These and other structural masterpieces were, first and foremost, novel creations born from the most progressive engineering concepts and tools of their day. They represent uniquely effective solutions to perplexing structural concerns. And they serve as landmark moments in the millennia-long history of engineering.

Now, experience the engineering genius that makes these works possible with Understanding the World's Greatest Structures: Science and Innovation from Antiquity to Modernity—a marvelous learning experience that takes you around the world and reveals the stories behind the most famous bridges, churches, skyscrapers, towers, and other structures from thousands of years of history. Delivered by award-winning Professor Stephen Ressler of the United States Military Academy at West Point, a civil engineer and a nationally honored leader in engineering education, these 24 lectures take you on a fascinating and richly illustrated tour that deftly blends history and science to create an unforgettable survey of our world's most remarkable structural masterpieces, one informed by the fundamentals of structural engineering and their underlying scientific principles.

Discover the Fundamental Characteristics of Great Structures

Great structures are

  • testaments to the power of scientific principles at the heart of engineering and physics;
  • windows into the ways that great civilizations have enhanced their quality of life through innovation;
  • solutions to concerns about everyday life, including transportation and work space; and
  • magnificent works of art in themselves.

To explore the world's greatest structures is to discover secrets hidden from casual observation. To grasp the basic engineering principles that make constructing these grand works possible. And to better appreciate the way their characteristics appear in the ordinary structures all around you.

So what are the qualities that make a particular structure so great? In Understanding the World's Greatest Structures, Professor Ressler selects a wealth of impressive examples based on the ways they exemplify not just aesthetic form and function but—more importantly—structure, the system of load-carrying elements that allow a particular building, bridge, or tower to work.

Examine the Science of Structure

You spend the first few lectures delving into the scientific principles that govern six basic types of structural elements; the building blocks that compose nearly all of the world's structures, from the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul to the Guggenheim Museum in Spain. Among the elements you'll learn to understand are

  • arches, a central feature of ancient Roman architecture that carries load entirely in compression and requires vertical and horizontal reactions to carry load;
  • columns, which carry load primarily in compression and which have been integral components of great structures from antiquity to the present day; and
  • cables, which carry load entirely in tension and change their shape in response to applied loads.

In each instance, you explore the scientific principles behind these elements, often with the aid of physical demonstrations and detailed computer models that allow you to see the science in action. You'll also see how these elements often work together in vast structural systems that support a range of buildings, bridges, and towers from around the world.

Embark on a Whirlwind Tour of Great Structures

Once you've mastered how these and other elements work, you embark on a whirlwind tour of more than 150 great structures that takes you from the deserts of ancient Egypt to the skyscraper race of early 20th-century New York to the inventiveness of postmodern architecture. You'll learn new insights into some of civilization's most impressive buildings, bridges, and towers.

  • Parthenon: No structure exemplifies the ancient Greek love of geometry better than this temple. While known for its perfect proportions and architectural refinements, the Parthenon is actually a rather unsophisticated structural design—especially in its use of interior colonnades to support the roof.
  • Eiffel Tower: One of the most recognizable structures in the world, the Eiffel Tower is composed of iron bars arranged in interconnected triangles called trusses. This framework was used for three reasons: trusses are strong, stiff, and light; they can reach great heights with many small elements; and they allow for versatility of form.
  • Brooklyn Bridge: The four main cables of this landmark suspension bridge are central to its ability to span the East River in New York City. Each of these cables is built up from over 5,000 steel wires individually pulled across the river by a unique mechanical device called a traveler.

But what makes Understanding the World's Greatest Structures so comprehensive is that it also considers structures that, while perhaps less familiar or more recently built, are just as important to fully grasping the intricacy of structural engineering. These include

  • the Salginatobel Bridge in Switzerland, a revolutionary three-hinged concrete arch;
  • the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the world's tallest building; and
  • the Houston Astrodome, the world's first domed stadium.

Throughout these lectures, Professor Ressler draws intriguing connections between buildings and structures separated by thousands of miles and years. For example, you'll discover that the Houston Astrodome features the same intricate steel framework as an iron dome designed in 1802 for the Paris Grain Market. In making comparisons such as these, you'll learn as much from the differences as from the similarities.

Learn from Educational Expertise and Dynamic 3-D Models

A Distinguished Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Professor Ressler is a structural engineering expert and a consummate guide into the basics of engineering mechanics. His work and his dedication to engineering education have won him numerous national awards, including the ASCE Outstanding Projects and Leaders Award—the organization's highest honor. He brings this same award-winning knowledge and dedication to every lecture of Understanding the World's Greatest Structures.

In addition, the lectures feature many physical models that Professor Ressler uses to make engineering concepts more accessible. Couple this with the stunning 3-D animations that re-create and allow you to take apart individual pieces of great structures, and you have an engaging learning experience that will change the way you think about the buildings around you.

With this masterful course, the next time you come across an amazing structure—whether you're traveling to another city or flipping through a magazine—you'll be able to confidently explain just how on Earth they did that.

About Your Professor

Dr. Stephen Ressler is Professor of Civil Engineering at the United States Military Academy at West Point and a Distinguished Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). A registered Professional Engineer in Virginia, he earned a B.S. from West Point and an M.S. and a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from Lehigh University, as well as a Master of Strategic Studies from the U.S. Army War College.

Professor Ressler's papers on engineering education have won seven Best Paper awards from the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE). Professor Ressler has also won numerous awards from the ASCE, including the President's Medal and the 2011 Outstanding Projects and Leaders Award—the organization's highest award. His other accolades include the Bliss Medal for Outstanding Contributions to Engineering Education from the Society of American Military Engineers and the Norm Augustine Award for Outstanding Achievement in Engineering Communications from the American Association of Engineering Societies.

A colonel in the Army Corps of Engineers, Professor Ressler has served on military engineering assignments around the world. He is also a developer and principal instructor for the Excellence in Civil Engineering Education Teaching Workshop, which has trained more than 500 civil engineering faculty members from more than 200 colleges and universities.

Available Exclusively on DVD

This course features more than 300 dynamic visual elements to enhance your learning experience, including 3-D animations, in-studio physical models and demonstrations, diagrams, and breathtaking photographs.

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